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IGCSE 经济 0455 Paper 1 操卷模拟卷（40 题选择题・40 分・1 小时）附答案
练习卷 · IGCSE 经济 0455 Paper 1
IGCSE 经济 0455 Paper 1 操卷模拟卷：40 题多项选择、40 分、1 小时、占全科 30%，涵盖稀少性与机会成本、生产可能曲线、需求与供给、价格弹性、价格管制、间接税与补贴、市场失灵、公共物品、通胀与失业、GDP 与增长、财政与货币政策、比较优势、汇率、关税与全球化，每题附答案与解释。
卷面资料 年级：中五（IGCSE） ｜ 科目：经济 ｜ 时限：60 分钟 ｜ 总分：40 分 ｜ 题数：40
甲部：基本经济问题（第 1 至 10 题・10 分）
全部 40 题均须作答，每题 1 分，共 40 分，限时 1 小时，占 IGCSE 经济科总分 30%。可用计算机。卷面题目以英语书写，与实际考试语言一致；本卷为原创模拟题，并非 Cambridge 历届试题或官方评卷参考。
| # | 题目 | 答案与评分要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | A student can earn HK$80 per hour. What is the opportunity cost of choosing to study for 6 hours instead of working? A HK$480 of wages forgone B HK$80 of wages forgone C The price of the textbooks used D Zero, because studying costs no money |
Answer: A — Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative: 6 hours x HK$80 = HK$480. |
| 2 | With fixed resources a firm can produce either 200 units of good X or 50 units of good Y. What is the opportunity cost of one unit of X? A 4 units of Y B 0.5 units of Y C 50 units of Y D 0.25 units of Y |
Answer: D — 200 X cost 50 Y, so one X costs 50 / 200 = 0.25 Y. |
| 3 | Which change would shift an economy outward along its production possibility curve? A An increase in unemployment B A fall in the size of the labour force C An increase in the stock of capital goods D A rise in the price of consumer goods |
Answer: C — Only a rise in quantity or quality of factors of production shifts the whole curve outward. |
| 4 | Which factor of production bears the risk of a business making a loss? A The supplier of raw materials B The entrepreneur C The worker D The owner of the land |
Answer: B — Organising production and bearing risk are the functions of the entrepreneur. |
| 5 | Why does division of labour usually raise output per worker? A Workers specialise and waste less time moving between tasks B Each worker is paid a lower wage C The firm needs fewer machines D Workers can choose their own hours |
Answer: A — Specialisation improves skill and avoids time lost switching tasks. |
| 6 | When money is used to compare the prices of different goods, it is acting as a A store of value B standard of deferred payment C medium of exchange D unit of account |
Answer: D — Prices quoted in one unit allow comparison: money as a unit of account. |
| 7 | In a market economy, what mainly decides which goods are produced? A The customs of the community B The government budget C Consumer demand expressed through prices D A central planning committee |
Answer: C — The price mechanism signals and allocates resources in a market economy. |
| 8 | Which statement is normative? A Sugary drinks sales fell by 6% last year B The government should raise the tax on sugary drinks C A tax on sugary drinks raises their price D Sugary drinks contain sugar |
Answer: B — Normative statements contain a value judgement about what ought to be. |
| 9 | When consumers incomes fall, the demand for bus travel rises. Bus travel is therefore A an inferior good B a normal good C a luxury good D a complementary good |
Answer: A — A negative income elasticity of demand identifies an inferior good. |
| 10 | Demand is Qd = 200 – 4P and supply is Qs = 20 + 2P. What are the equilibrium price and quantity? A Price 20, quantity 120 B Price 36, quantity 56 C Price 30, quantity 60 D Price 30, quantity 80 |
Answer: D — 200 – 4P = 20 + 2P gives 6P = 180, P = 30, Q = 80. |
乙部：价格机制与弹性（第 11 至 20 题・10 分）
全部 40 题均须作答，每题 1 分，共 40 分，限时 1 小时，占 IGCSE 经济科总分 30%。可用计算机。卷面题目以英语书写，与实际考试语言一致；本卷为原创模拟题，并非 Cambridge 历届试题或官方评卷参考。
| # | 题目 | 答案与评分要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | Price rises from 20 to 22 and quantity demanded falls from 500 to 450. The price elasticity of demand is A minus 2.0, elastic B minus 10, perfectly elastic C minus 1.0, unit elastic D minus 0.5, inelastic |
Answer: C — Quantity falls 10% while price rises 10%, so PED = -10 / 10 = -1.0. |
| 12 | If demand for a product is price elastic, a fall in price will A shift the demand curve right B raise total revenue C lower total revenue D leave total revenue unchanged |
Answer: B — With elastic demand the percentage rise in quantity exceeds the percentage fall in price. |
| 13 | Income rises by 5% and the quantity of restaurant meals demanded rises by 8%. The income elasticity of demand is A 1.6, a luxury good B 0.625, a necessity C minus 1.6, an inferior good D 8.0, a luxury good |
Answer: A — YED = 8 / 5 = 1.6; above 1 means a luxury good. |
| 14 | Price rises from 10 to 12 and quantity supplied rises from 300 to 330. The price elasticity of supply is A 2.0 B 10 C 1.0 D 0.5 |
Answer: D — Quantity rises 10% and price rises 20%, so PES = 10 / 20 = 0.5. |
| 15 | A government sets a maximum price below the equilibrium price. What is the likely result? A No change, because the market clears B A fall in demand only C A shortage, because quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied D A surplus, because supply rises |
Answer: C — A binding price ceiling holds price below equilibrium, so demand exceeds supply. |
| 16 | Demand for a good is price inelastic and the government imposes an indirect tax. Who bears most of the tax? A Foreign importers B Consumers, because they cannot easily reduce quantity bought C Producers, because they set the price D The government, through lost revenue |
Answer: B — With inelastic demand the price rises almost by the full tax, so consumers bear most of it. |
| 17 | A subsidy paid to producers of solar panels will A shift supply to the right and lower the price B shift demand to the right and raise the price C shift supply to the left and raise the price D have no effect on price |
Answer: A — A subsidy lowers production cost, so supply increases and price falls. |
| 18 | The demand for labour is described as a derived demand because it A comes from the workers themselves B is fixed by trade unions C is set by the government each year D depends on the demand for the goods that workers produce |
Answer: D — Firms hire labour to produce output, so labour demand derives from product demand. |
| 19 | Surgeons earn much more than cleaners mainly because A cleaners have stronger trade unions B the demand for cleaning is falling C the supply of surgeons is limited by long and costly training D surgeons work fewer hours |
Answer: C — Restricted supply of skilled labour raises the equilibrium wage. |
| 20 | When the supply of a good falls, the price mechanism rations it because A the good becomes free B the price rises and only those willing and able to pay obtain it C the government issues ration coupons D firms give the good to loyal customers |
Answer: B — Rationing is one of the three functions of the price mechanism. |
丙部：政府、通胀与增长（第 21 至 30 题・10 分）
全部 40 题均须作答，每题 1 分，共 40 分，限时 1 小时，占 IGCSE 经济科总分 30%。可用计算机。卷面题目以英语书写，与实际考试语言一致；本卷为原创模拟题，并非 Cambridge 历届试题或官方评卷参考。
| # | 题目 | 答案与评分要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 | Which is an example of a negative externality of consumption? A Litter from takeaway food containers B Smoke from a factory chimney C Training given by a firm to its staff D A beekeeper whose bees pollinate nearby orchards |
Answer: A — Litter arises from consuming the takeaway food and harms third parties. |
| 22 | Merit goods are under-consumed in a free market mainly because A firms cannot produce them at all B they are always free of charge C the government bans advertising D consumers underestimate the private benefits they receive |
Answer: D — Information failure leads consumers to undervalue merit goods. |
| 23 | Which good is a public good? A A bottled drink, because it is excludable B A private gym, because it is rival C Street lighting, because it is non-excludable and non-rival D A cinema ticket, because it is non-rival |
Answer: C — Public goods are both non-rival and non-excludable, so markets under-provide them. |
| 24 | Which is an example of government failure? A A competition authority blocking a merger B A subsidy that keeps an inefficient industry producing C A tax that reduces a negative externality D A law that requires firms to disclose prices |
Answer: B — A policy that creates a bigger loss of welfare than the market failure it targets is government failure. |
| 25 | The consumer prices index rises from 100 to 108 while nominal income rises by 12%. What happens to real income? A It rises by about 3.7% B It rises by 12% C It falls by 4% D It stays unchanged |
Answer: A — Real income changes by 1.12 / 1.08 – 1 = 3.7% while inflation is 8%. |
| 26 | Workers lose their jobs because an economy enters a recession. This is A frictional unemployment B structural unemployment C seasonal unemployment D cyclical unemployment |
Answer: D — Unemployment caused by falling aggregate demand in a downturn is cyclical. |
| 27 | An economy has consumption 600, investment 150, government spending 200 and exports minus imports of minus 30 (all in $ billion). GDP is A $950 billion B $890 billion C $920 billion D $980 billion |
Answer: C — 600 + 150 + 200 – 30 = 920. |
| 28 | Real GDP rises from 2,100 to 2,205. The growth rate is A 105% B 5.0% C 10.5% D 4.8% |
Answer: B — (2205 / 2100 – 1) x 100 = 5.0%. |
| 29 | A central bank wants to reduce demand-pull inflation. It should A raise the interest rate B lower the interest rate C cut income tax D buy government bonds |
Answer: A — A higher interest rate reduces borrowing, consumption and investment, easing demand-pull pressure. |
| 30 | A rise in the interest rate is most likely to A raise firms investment spending B increase household disposable income C cause the exchange rate to fall D reduce borrowing for consumption and investment |
Answer: D — Higher rates raise the cost of credit, so spending financed by loans falls. |
丁部：国际贸易与发展（第 31 至 40 题・10 分）
全部 40 题均须作答，每题 1 分，共 40 分，限时 1 小时，占 IGCSE 经济科总分 30%。可用计算机。卷面题目以英语书写，与实际考试语言一致；本卷为原创模拟题，并非 Cambridge 历届试题或官方评卷参考。
| # | 题目 | 答案与评分要点 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 | Country A uses fewer resources than country B to produce both cloth and wine. It follows that A country B should produce nothing B the terms of trade are fixed C country A has an absolute advantage in both goods D country A has a comparative advantage in both goods |
Answer: C — Absolute advantage compares resource use per unit, not opportunity cost. |
| 32 | Country A needs 2 hours for one unit of cloth and 4 hours for one unit of wine. Country B needs 8 hours for cloth and 4 hours for wine. Which is correct? A Neither country gains from trade B Country A has a comparative advantage in cloth C Country A has a comparative advantage in wine D Country B has a comparative advantage in both goods |
Answer: B — Opportunity cost of cloth is 0.5 wine in A and 2 wine in B, so A specialises in cloth. |
| 33 | A country terms of trade improve when A its export prices rise relative to its import prices B its import prices rise relative to export prices C its exchange rate is fixed D its tariff rates rise |
Answer: A — Terms of trade measure export prices relative to import prices. |
| 34 | The exchange rate is HK$7.8 = US$1. A Hong Kong good priced at HK$390 costs A US$78 B US$390 C US$3,042 D US$50 |
Answer: D — 390 / 7.8 = 50. |
| 35 | A depreciation of a country currency tends to A leave trade unchanged B raise the value of its currency reserves C make its exports cheaper and its imports dearer D make its exports dearer and its imports cheaper |
Answer: C — A weaker currency lowers the foreign price of exports and raises the domestic price of imports. |
| 36 | The current account of the balance of payments records A changes in the gold reserve only B trade in goods and services plus income and transfers C only trade in goods D foreign direct investment only |
Answer: B — The current account covers goods, services, primary income and secondary income. |
| 37 | A 20% tariff is imposed on an imported good priced at US$50. The price paid by domestic buyers becomes A US$60 B US$52 C US$70 D US$50 |
Answer: A — 50 x 1.20 = 60. |
| 38 | An import quota is A a tax on imported goods B a subsidy to exporters C a ban on all trade D a limit on the quantity of a good that may be imported |
Answer: D — A quota restricts quantity; a tariff raises price. |
| 39 | Which is a likely benefit to a host country of a multinational company investing there? A Complete removal of imports B A fixed exchange rate C Employment and transfer of technology D A guaranteed rise in all wages |
Answer: C — MNC investment can create jobs and spread technology and skills. |
| 40 | Which feature is most typical of a developing country? A A high level of capital per worker B A high share of output from the primary sector C A high share of output from services D A low birth rate |
Answer: B — Developing economies usually depend heavily on agriculture and primary production. |
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