Secondary 6 Citizenship And Social Development Practice Paper: One Country Two Systems, National Development, Global Interdependence, Civic Rights, Ageing And Data Analysis (100 Marks)

Secondary 6 Citizenship and Social Development Practice Paper: One Country Two Systems, national development, global interdependence, civic rights, ageing and data analysis (100 marks)

2026-11-14

Citizenship and Social Development – S6

S6 Citizenship and Social Development practice paper, 24 questions with answers: One Country Two Systems, national development, global links, civic rights and ageing.

Paper details　S6 Citizenship and Social Development practice paper with 24 questions and worked answers, covering One Country Two Systems and constitutional order, reform and opening up, global interdependence, civic rights and duties, ageing and sustainability, plus data-response technique.

Section A Hong Kong under One Country Two Systems: constitutional order and rights

Answer all parts and support every point with institutional facts or data.

#	Question	Answer and marking notes
1	State the legal status of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and identify the document that authorises it.	Answer: The HKSAR is an inalienable part of the People’s Republic of China under the direct authority of the Central People’s Government. Its high degree of autonomy is authorised by the Basic Law, which is enacted under the Constitution; foreign affairs and defence rest with the Central Authorities. (2 marks status, 1 mark document)
2	A Legislative Council has 90 seats: 40 from the Election Committee, 30 from functional constituencies and 20 from geographical constituencies. Calculate the percentage of seats held by each sector (one decimal place).	Answer: Total seats are 90. Election Committee: 40 / 90 x 100 = 44.4 per cent; functional constituencies: 30 / 90 x 100 = 33.3 per cent; geographical constituencies: 20 / 90 x 100 = 22.2 per cent. The three shares add to 100.0 per cent, i.e. 40 + 30 + 20 = 90 seats. (1 mark each, 1 mark for checking)
3	Explain the relationship between “one country” and “two systems” and give one institutional arrangement for each.	Answer: The two ideas support each other rather than compete. “One country” is the premise: the Central Authorities hold overall jurisdiction and handle foreign affairs and defence. “Two systems” preserves the previous capitalist system and way of life for fifty years. Institutional examples: the Central People’s Government appoints the Chief Executive and principal officials; Hong Kong keeps the common law system and separate customs territory. (3 marks relationship, 1 mark each example)
4	A survey of 1,200 Hong Kong residents finds that 63 per cent have heard of the Basic Law but only 41 per cent can name three protected rights. Identify two phenomena shown by the data and suggest one way to improve public understanding.	Answer: First, awareness is broad but shallow: 63 per cent have heard of it while only 41 per cent can name three rights, a gap of 22 percentage points. Second, 37 per cent have had no contact at all, which is the blind spot. Suggestion: use case-based rights exercises in secondary civic lessons and short community talks that explain freedom of speech, assembly and the right to education with daily examples. (1 mark each phenomenon, 1 mark comparison, 2 marks suggestion)

Section B The country since reform and opening up: growth and living standards

Show working and units in calculations; support arguments with evidence.

#	Question	Answer and marking notes
5	List three measures behind economic growth since reform and opening up, explaining each in one sentence.	Answer: First, the household responsibility system returned land use rights to farming households and raised agricultural productivity. Second, special economic zones and open coastal cities attracted foreign capital and technology. Third, a socialist market economy was gradually established so that prices and markets allocate resources. (1 mark each)
6	A country’s GDP rose from 68.0 trillion yuan in 2015 to 134.9 trillion yuan in 2024. Calculate the absolute increase and the percentage increase (one decimal place).	Answer: Absolute increase = 134.9 minus 68.0 = 66.9 trillion yuan; percentage increase = 66.9 / 68.0 x 100 = 98.4 per cent, so the 2024 economy is about 1.98 times its 2015 size. (2 marks absolute, 2 marks percentage)
7	Using the same figures, if population in 2024 is 14.08 billion, calculate GDP per capita (nearest yuan) and explain why a per capita measure is better than a total for living standards.	Answer: GDP per capita = 134.9 trillion yuan / 14.08 billion people = 95,810 yuan. A total rises simply with population size, so a large country can post a huge total with a modest per capita figure; dividing by population removes that effect and shows average output per person, which is closer to living standards. (2 marks calculation, 3 marks reasoning)
8	Describe one concrete policy each on poverty alleviation, coordinated regional development and high-quality development, and assess the effect on living standards.	Answer: On poverty, targeted assistance tailors industry, education and health support to each poor household, cutting absolute poverty sharply. On regional balance, western development and the Greater Bay Area channel resources to lagging regions and narrow gaps. On quality development, green manufacturing and innovation reduce polluting, energy-intensive output. Assessment: the three improve income, opportunity and environment respectively, but gains need monitoring and some regions face adjustment costs. (1 mark each policy, 2 marks assessment)

Section C Our interdependent world: globalisation and international cooperation

Distinguish factual description from value judgement in your answers.

#	Question	Answer and marking notes
9	List three features of globalisation with one everyday example each.	Answer: First, goods and services cross borders, as a Hong Kong supermarket stocks farm produce from many countries. Second, capital and production stages spread across countries, as phone components are made in several places and assembled elsewhere. Third, information and people move faster, as remote meetings and cross-border study show. (1 mark each)
10	An economy records exports of 23.8 trillion, imports of 18.4 trillion and GDP of 134.9 trillion in 2024. Calculate trade dependence (total trade as a percentage of GDP, one decimal place) and explain the risk of a high figure.	Answer: Total trade = 23.8 + 18.4 = 42.2 trillion; dependence = 42.2 / 134.9 x 100 = 31.3 per cent. Risk: a shock to external demand or supply chains passes quickly into local output and jobs, for instance new tariffs or a closed port cutting orders and income within weeks. (2 marks calculation, 2 marks risk)
11	Compare the functions of the United Nations, the WTO and the WHO, giving one limitation for each.	Answer: The UN covers peace, development and human rights broadly but its decisions are constrained by great-power vetoes. The WTO sets and arbitrates trade rules, yet disputes drag on and rule updates lag. The WHO coordinates health surveillance and guidance but cannot enforce compliance, leaving members to decide whether to follow. (1 mark each function, 1 mark each limitation)
12	Using one cross-border public health event, describe three forms of international cooperation and assess their effectiveness.	Answer: Cooperation included immediate sharing of viral gene sequences to speed vaccine development, cross-border donation of vaccines and medical supplies, and coordinated travel and quarantine arrangements. Effect: sequence sharing cut vaccine development from years to about one year and donations filled gaps in low-income areas, yet differing quarantine rules and limited production left clear gaps in global coverage. (1 mark each, 2 marks assessment)

Section D Civic rights and duties: rule of law and participation

Give reasons in every answer; lists of terms alone earn no marks.

#	Question	Answer and marking notes
13	Explain how rights correspond to duties, using freedom of expression as an example.	Answer: A right is exercised within the equal rights of others, so every right carries a duty not to harm them. With freedom of expression, residents may criticise policy but may not defame, incite violence or disclose private data; crossing that line attracts civil or criminal liability. (2 marks relationship, 1 mark example)
14	An election has 4,500,000 registered voters and 1,300,000 votes cast. Calculate turnout (one decimal place) and suggest one reason it may be low.	Answer: Turnout = 1,300,000 / 4,500,000 x 100 = 28.9 per cent. One reason: low contestation in the district means voters expect a settled result and see little effect from one vote; clashes with working hours on polling day also depress turnout. (2 marks calculation, 2 marks reason)
15	List four elements of the rule of law and explain how one of them protects daily life.	Answer: The four elements are publicly known and predictable law, equality before the law, an independent judiciary, and government power bound by law. Example: predictable published rules let residents know the consequences before signing a lease, buying goods or running a small shop, reducing arbitrary enforcement. (2 marks list, 3 marks explanation)
16	Suggest two channels for young people to take part in public affairs and analyse the limits of each.	Answer: First, join consultations and public forums to raise views directly with departments; the limit is that influence depends on the issue and how representative the group is, and policy may not change at once. Second, join volunteer groups or community service to learn grassroots needs; limited funds and time usually confine such work to small projects. School unions and mock councils build debating skills but stay distant from formal decisions. (1 mark each channel, 1.5 marks each limit)

Section E Sustainable development and living standards: ageing and public resources

For ratio and percentage items, state the numerator, denominator and unit.

#	Question	Answer and marking notes
17	Distinguish material from non-material indicators of living standards, giving two examples of each.	Answer: Material indicators measure quantifiable resources and income, such as GDP per capita and median monthly household income. Non-material indicators measure conditions and experience, such as life expectancy, years of schooling, job satisfaction and air quality. Both are needed because rising income does not guarantee a better life. (1 mark classification, 1 mark each set of examples)
18	A place has 1.7 billion people aged 65 and over and 9.6 billion aged 15 to 64. Calculate the old-age dependency ratio (dependent older persons per 1,000 working-age persons, nearest whole number) and give two causes of a rising ratio.	Answer: Old-age dependency ratio = 1.7 / 9.6 x 1000 = 177, i.e. 177 older persons per 1,000 working-age persons. Causes: persistently low birth rates leave too few young people to replace the workforce, and better medicine and living conditions lengthen life so both the number and share of older people rise. (2 marks calculation, 1 mark each cause)
19	Analyse two effects of population ageing on public health care and labour supply, and suggest one response.	Answer: In health care, chronic illness and long-term care demand raise hospital beds, staffing and community care spending at once. In the labour market, a larger retired share shrinks the workforce and raises the dependency burden, weighing on growth. Response: expand primary care and screening to cut hospital demand, and use flexible retirement and retraining to keep older workers engaged. (1.5 marks each effect, 1 mark response)
20	Explain the three pillars of sustainable development and propose one concrete policy on one pillar with its likely cost.	Answer: The three pillars are economic development, social equity and environmental protection; they must advance together, since a lag in one drags the others down. Proposal: under the environmental pillar, extend producer responsibility schemes so makers of electronics and packaging pay for take-back. Cost: compliance costs may pass into retail prices, raising household costs and requiring small firms to devote staff to registration. (2 marks pillars, 1.5 marks proposal, 1.5 marks cost)

Section F Data analysis and extended response: describe, explain and evaluate

Use comparative language in data description and avoid treating correlation as causation.

#	Question	Answer and marking notes
21	Describe three steps for describing a data trend, with one example sentence each.	Answer: Step one states the overall direction, for example the ratio rose continuously from 2015 to 2024. Step two marks the phases, for example it climbed faster from 2015 to 2019 and then slowed. Step three notes exceptions, for example a brief dip in 2020. (1 mark each)
22	Unemployment is 3.2 per cent in District A and 5.6 per cent in District B. Calculate the gap in percentage points and how many times District B is relative to A (two decimal places), and give one reason the data alone cannot support a conclusion.	Answer: The gap is 5.6 minus 3.2 = 2.4 percentage points, and District B is 5.6 / 3.2 = 1.75 times District A. Limitation: an unemployment rate hides underemployment, industry mix and age structure, so the two figures alone cannot show that living conditions are worse or that policy has failed in District B. (1 mark gap, 2 marks multiple, 1 mark limitation)
23	Evaluate the claim that two series rising together proves a causal link, and suggest a more rigorous way to test it.	Answer: The claim fails: moving together shows correlation only, and a third factor may drive both, as income and electricity use rise with the size of the economy, or a shared time trend may create the pattern. A stricter test controls other variables such as income, population and prices, or uses a policy or natural experiment with a comparison group to check that the cause precedes the effect. (2 marks evaluation, 2 marks method)
24	Take a full position on whether legislation should cap teenagers’ daily social media use, including two arguments, one counter-argument and a conclusion.	Answer: A qualified yes is defensible. First, heavy use is linked to short sleep and anxiety, so a legal cap sets a floor of protection. Second, feeds are engineered to keep users scrolling, so self-discipline alone is hard to sustain and external rules help. Counter-argument: critics say parental guidance and time-management education work better and a blanket cap pushes teenagers to unregulated channels; the reply is a flexible cap paired with digital literacy teaching. Conclusion: adopt a moderate cap with education and review its effect regularly. (1 mark position, 2 marks arguments, 1 mark counter-argument, 1 mark conclusion)

Find a tutor — free Tutor Registration →

A TutorZone practice paper; original questions and passages, not publisher material.