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S4 Geography: River Landforms – Foundation Practice (10 Questions)
S4 Geography: River Landforms – Foundation Practice (10 Questions)
Ten items move from drainage basins and gradients through erosion processes to V-shaped valleys, waterfalls, meanders and deltas, each with a one-line note.
Quick answer 1. the land drained by a river and its tributaries; 2. 2 per cent; 3. hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution; 4. vertical downcutting; 5. hard rock over soft rock; 6. erosion outside, deposition inside; 7. the meander neck is cut through; 8. slower flow plus deposition; 9. 60 m³/s; 10. boulders roll along the bed.
01 Paper details (check answers afterwards)
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Questions | 10 questions |
| Suggested time | about 20 minutes |
| Difficulty mix | Foundation 6 · Intermediate 2 · Challenge 1 · Error redo 1 |
| Chapter | Chapter: S4 Geography | River Landforms: erosion, transport, deposition and valley development |
| Level | S4 |
02 Questions (10 items)
- FoundationWhat is a drainage basin?
- FoundationA river falls from 800 m at its source to 200 m at its mouth over a horizontal distance of 30 km. What is the average gradient?
- FoundationWhat are the four processes of river erosion?
- FoundationWhich type of erosion mainly forms a V-shaped valley?
- FoundationUnder what arrangement of rocks does a waterfall usually form?
- FoundationHow do the outer and inner bends of a meander differ?
- IntermediateHow is an oxbow lake formed?
- IntermediateWhich two conditions are needed for a delta to form?
- ChallengeA channel has a cross-sectional area of 40 m² and a mean velocity of 1.5 m/s. What is the discharge?
- Error redoA student says boulders on the bed are carried in suspension. What is wrong?
03 Answers and one-line notes
| # | Answer | One-line note |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | The whole area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. | A drainage basin is bounded by the watershed, so rain on either side feeds a different river. |
| 2 | 2 per cent, because 600 divided by 30 000 times 100 equals 2. | Gradient is fall divided by horizontal distance, so convert both to metres first. |
| 3 | Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition and solution. | Hydraulic action loosens debris, abrasion scrapes the bed, attrition wears stones against each other and solution dissolves rock. |
| 4 | Vertical downcutting, that is vertical erosion. | On steep upper courses the river cuts down faster than it widens, and the valley sides crumble into a V. |
| 5 | A resistant rock band lying above a softer rock band. | The soft rock is eroded first into a step, the hard rock is left overhanging and collapses, so the fall retreats upstream. |
| 6 | The outer bend flows faster and erodes; the inner bend flows slower and deposits. | Centrifugal force pushes water to the concave bank, which is undercut, while the convex bank builds a point bar. |
| 7 | A meander neck narrows until a flood cuts through it, leaving the old bend cut off as a lake. | Once the neck is breached the current takes the short route and silt seals both ends of the abandoned bend. |
| 8 | A marked fall in velocity together with heavy deposition of the load carried by the river. | Velocity drops sharply at the mouth, so the load exceeds what the water can carry and is dumped as a delta. |
| 9 | 60 m³/s. | Discharge is cross-sectional area times mean velocity, the volume passing a section each second. |
| 10 | Boulders are far too heavy, so they are rolled along the bed; suspension carries only fine silt and clay. | Transport depends on grain size and velocity: solution, suspension, saltation and traction. |
04 What to do after marking
- After marking, redo only the wrong items and write down which step went wrong (formula, unit, or misread number).
- Repeat the same item two days later; move to the next paper only when both attempts are correct.
- Parents only need the answer and note columns; there is no need to explain every item.
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