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S4 Geography River Landforms, Paper 2: waterfalls, meanders and floodplains
S4 Geography River Landforms, Paper 2: waterfalls, meanders and floodplains
Waterfalls retreat through undercutting, meanders erode outside and deposit inside, and floods spread fines into a floodplain.
Focus Ask where the flow is faster; erosion or deposition follows from that.
01 Paper details (check answers afterwards)
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Questions | 10 |
| Suggested time | 25 |
| Difficulty mix | Foundation 3 · Intermediate 4 · Challenge 2 · Error redo 1 |
| Chapter | Chapter: S4 Geography: River Management and Water Resources |
| Level | S4 |
02 Questions (10 items)
- FoundationWater plunges where a hard rock band lies over softer rock. Name the landform.
- FoundationName the round hollow drilled into rock below a waterfall.
- FoundationName the winding bend of a river in its middle course.
- IntermediateName the steep bank cut on the outer bend and the deposit on the inner bend.
- IntermediateName the crescent lake left when a meander neck is cut through.
- IntermediateFine sediment laid down across the valley floor in floods forms what feature?
- IntermediateName the raised banks built by repeated flooding.
- ChallengeA triangular body of sediment forms where a river slows on entering the sea. Name it.
- ChallengeExplain why erosion is stronger on the outer bend of a meander.
- Error redoA student says a waterfall moves upstream over time. Is this correct?
03 Answers and one-line notes
| # | Answer | One-line note |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | waterfall | The softer rock is eroded first, creating a drop. |
| 2 | pothole | Eddies spin pebbles that grind out a circular hollow. |
| 3 | meander | Different speeds on each bank cause erosion on one side and deposition on the other. |
| 4 | river cliff; slip-off slope | Erosion outside and deposition inside make the meander shift. |
| 5 | oxbow lake | The old channel is sealed at both ends and becomes a lake. |
| 6 | floodplain | Coarse sand stays near the channel while fines spread further out. |
| 7 | natural levee | Flood water slows at the bank and drops its coarsest load there. |
| 8 | delta | The load settles and the channel splits into distributaries. |
| 9 | The outer bend is deeper with faster flow, so it has more energy. | Flow is concentrated and deeper outside, while the inner bend is shallow and slow. |
| 10 | Correct: undercutting makes the fall retreat upstream. | Potholes remove support under the hard cap, which then collapses. |
04 What to do after marking
- After marking, redo only the wrong items and write down which step went wrong (formula, unit, or misread number).
- Repeat the same item two days later; move to the next paper only when both attempts are correct.
- Parents only need the answer and note columns; there is no need to explain every item.
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