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S4 Biology: Human Transport System (Paper 1)
S4 Biology: Human Transport System (Paper 1)
The first paper covers blood components and heart structure, drilling red cells, white cells, platelets, the three vessel types and simple cardiac output sums.
Direct answer Separate the three blood jobs of transport, defence and clotting, remember that arteries leave the heart, and always multiply stroke volume by heart rate.
01 Paper details (check answers afterwards)
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Questions | 10 |
| Suggested time | 25 |
| Difficulty mix | Foundation 4 · Intermediate 3 · Challenge 2 · Error redo 1 |
| Chapter | Chapter: S4 Biology: Human Transport System |
| Level | Four basic, three advanced, two challenge and one error-repair item |
02 Questions (10 items)
- FoundationWhich component of blood carries oxygen?
- FoundationWhich chamber of the heart has the thickest wall?
- FoundationWhich type of blood vessel has a wall only one cell thick and allows exchange?
- FoundationDo arteries carry blood away from the heart or back to it?
- IntermediateThe heart beats 70 times a minute. How many beats is that in one hour?
- IntermediateStroke volume is 70 mL and heart rate is 70 per minute. What is the cardiac output?
- IntermediateRed blood cells have no nucleus. How does that help oxygen transport?
- ChallengeThe heart pumps 5 litres a minute. How many litres does it pump in a day?
- ChallengeBoth ventricles pump the same volume, so why is the left wall so much thicker?
- Error redoA student says veins have the thickest wall because their pressure is highest. What is wrong?
03 Answers and one-line notes
| # | Answer | One-line note |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Red blood cells, which contain haemoglobin | Haemoglobin binds oxygen in the lung capillaries and releases it in tissues, so oxygen-hungry organs suffer first. |
| 2 | The left ventricle | The left ventricle pumps blood to the whole body against the greatest resistance, so its wall is thickest. |
| 3 | Capillaries | Capillaries are thin-walled and narrow with slow flow, which lets oxygen and nutrients exchange with tissues. |
| 4 | Away from the heart | Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins return it, with valves and heart contraction setting the direction. |
| 5 | 4 200 beats | Seventy beats a minute times sixty minutes gives 4 200 beats an hour, about a hundred thousand a day. |
| 6 | 4 900 mL per minute, or 4.9 litres per minute | Seventy millilitres times seventy beats gives 4 900 mL, about 4.9 litres a minute. |
| 7 | More room for haemoglobin, so each cell carries more oxygen | Without a nucleus most of the cell is packed with haemoglobin, at the cost of a lifespan of only about 120 days. |
| 8 | 7 200 litres | Five litres times sixty minutes times twenty-four hours gives 7 200 litres a day. |
| 9 | The left ventricle pumps blood around the whole body against much greater resistance; the right only pumps to the lungs | Both pump the same volume, but the left ventricle must generate far higher pressure to reach the whole body. |
| 10 | Arteries have the thickest wall and highest pressure; veins run at low pressure and rely on skeletal muscle and valves | Arteries take the full pressure of ventricular contraction and are thick and elastic; veins run at low pressure and rely on valves. |
04 What to do after marking
- After marking, redo only the wrong items and write down which step went wrong (formula, unit, or misread number).
- Repeat the same item two days later; move to the next paper only when both attempts are correct.
- Parents only need the answer and note columns; there is no need to explain every item.
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