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S5 Geography | Industry and Manufacturing Paper 2 (Deindustrialisation and Restructuring)
S5 Geography | Industry and Manufacturing Paper 2 (Deindustrialisation and Restructuring)
Deindustrialisation is about shares and structure rather than the number of closed factories. This paper starts from employment and output shares, then works through the multiplier, relocation and automation payback.
Attempt first, mark afterwards Allow about twenty-five minutes; keep percentage points separate from percentages, and apply the multiplier only once.
01 Paper details (check answers afterwards)
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Questions | 10 items |
| Suggested time | About 25 minutes |
| Difficulty mix | Foundation 4 · Intermediate 3 · Challenge 2 · Error redo 1 |
| Chapter | Chapter: S5 Geography | Industry and Manufacturing |
| Level | S5 (Secondary 5) Geography |
02 Questions (10 items)
- FoundationManufacturing employment in a place falls from 450,000 to 315,000. What is the percentage fall?
- FoundationThe manufacturing share of GDP falls from 22 per cent to 9 per cent. How many percentage points is that, and can it be written as a fall of 13 per cent?
- FoundationThe output index rises from 100 to 160 while the employment index falls from 100 to 80. What is the index of output per worker and its rise?
- FoundationA factory sheds 2,000 jobs and the local employment multiplier is 2.5. How many jobs are lost in total?
- IntermediateA worker earns 18,000 a month in Hong Kong and 6,000 on the mainland. How much lower is the wage, and what do 300 workers save each month?
- IntermediateAfter relocating, a firm saves 12 dollars of wages per unit but pays 4 dollars more freight. What is the net saving per unit and over 500,000 units a year?
- IntermediateA plant spends 300,000 on logistics out of total costs of 2,500,000. What share is that, and what does it imply for location?
- ChallengeA robot costs 1,200,000 and replaces three workers earning 216,000 a year each. How much labour cost is saved each year, and what is the payback period?
- ChallengeAn industrial estate covers 24 hectares, 60 per cent of which can be built on, at three plants per hectare. What is the usable area and the maximum number of plants?
- Error redoA student argues that falling manufacturing employment proves industrial decline. What is wrong with that inference?
03 Answers and one-line notes
| # | Answer | One-line note |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 30 per cent. | The change over the original figure, 450,000 minus 315,000 over 450,000, times 100 gives 30 per cent. |
| 2 | Thirteen percentage points; it cannot be written as thirteen per cent. | Subtracting two percentages gives percentage points. A relative fall would need dividing by 22, which gives a different number. |
| 3 | The index is 200, a rise of 100 per cent. | Output per worker is 160 divided by 80 times 100, which is 200, against a base of 100, so the rise is 100 per cent. |
| 4 | 5,000 jobs. | The multiplier gives 2,000 times 2.5, equal to 5,000; besides the direct cuts there are losses among suppliers and retailers. |
| 5 | Sixty-six point six seven per cent lower; 300 workers save 3,600,000 a month. | The gap over the Hong Kong wage is 12,000 over 18,000, which is 66.67 per cent; saving 12,000 per worker over 300 workers gives 3,600,000 a month. |
| 6 | Eight dollars net per unit, which is 4,000,000 a year. | The net gain is 12 minus 4, which is 8, and over 500,000 units that is 4,000,000. A relocation is judged on the net figure, not wages alone. |
| 7 | 12 per cent; a high share means transport dominates, so the site should be close to materials or the market. | 300,000 over 2,500,000 times 100 gives 12 per cent; the higher that share, the more sensitive the location decision is to freight rates. |
| 8 | It saves 648,000 a year and pays back in about 1.85 years. | Three wages give 648,000 a year; 1,200,000 divided by 648,000 is 1.85 years, roughly twenty-two months. |
| 9 | 14.4 hectares usable, so at most 43 plants. | 24 hectares times 60 per cent gives 14.4; times three is 43.2, and the count must be rounded down to 43 plants. |
| 10 | It does not follow: employment can fall because productivity rises, while output and value added grow. | Employment falls from 450,000 to 315,000, but if the output index rises from 100 to 160, output per worker is up 100 per cent, so fewer workers produce more. Judge industry by output and value added, not by jobs alone. |
04 What to do after marking
- After marking, redo only the wrong items and write down which step went wrong (formula, unit, or misread number).
- Repeat the same item two days later; move to the next paper only when both attempts are correct.
- Parents only need the answer and note columns; there is no need to explain every item.
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